Materialism as a Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Materialism as a Worldview - Essay Example Reducing the debate simply to materialism and idealism therefore, the materialist hypothesis is that all existence is an unbroken, material continuum from its origins in ancient Greece to the mind-brain materialism of the modern times (Vitzthum, 1995). Materialism as a worldview appears to be prevalent in society today. Materialism began in the 18th century (McConnell, 2003). The leading scientists of that time suffered cognitive dissonance between the beliefs of the many religious sects which then existed along with their own scientific discoveries (McConnell, 2003). They relieved their discomfort by agreeing among themselves that religion was unnecessary. Unfortunately, the amorality of materialism was so attractive to lesser intellectuals, who lacked the status to question the leaders. The same was true to businessmen, who could use materialism to justify exorbitant profits that it has become a defining feature of the culture (McConnell, 2003). Materialism and its theories can be traced as far back as the poem, The Nature of Things, written in the first century B.C. by Lucretius ("Materialism: what matters," 2007) to the more recent research done by Richard Vitzthum (1996), An Affirmative History and Definition. The doctrine of materialism was formulated as early as the 4th century B.C. by Democritus, in whose system of atomism all phenomena are explained by atoms and their motions in space (Armstrong, 1984). Other early Greek teaching, such as that of Epicurus and Stoicism, also conceived of reality as material in its nature. The theory was later renewed in the 17th century by Pierre Gassendi and Thomas Hobbes, who believed that the sphere of consciousness essentially belongs to the corporeal world, or to the senses (Armstrong, 1984). Later, the investigations of John Locke were adapted to materialist positions by David Hartley and Joseph Priestley. They were a part of the materialist development of the 18th century strongly manifested in France, where the most extreme thought was that of Julien de La Mettrie. The culminating expression of materialist thought in this period was the Systme de la nature (1770), for which Baron d'Holbach is considered chiefly responsible (Armstrong, 1984). In Western civilization, materialism is the oldest philosophical tradition. It reached its full classical form in the atomism of Democritus and Epicurus in the 4th century B.C. Epicurus argued that reality consisted of invisible and indivisible particles of free-falling matter called atoms randomly colliding in the void. Through materialism, everything that happens is explained in terms of the law of nature (Armstrong, 1984). Overview of major beliefs and representative thinkers Materialism is a simple philosophy, having two principles: 1) There is no reality except that which can be defined in terms of the physical concepts of space and time; and 2) As individuals, we have no obligations to other persons except for those obligations that we accept for our own pleasure. This second principle follows from the first (McConnell, 2003). When people use the word "materialism" they usually have one of two definitions in mind. Philosophically speaking,

Free

Free Will and Responsibility Essay Responsibility is being able to acknowledge and recognize that an outcome happened because of a choice. Responsibility is also accepting accountability for a particular choice. Once a person learns self-control, and can take blame rather than place blame, he or she can become a happy and successful person. Usually, everyone is capable of being responsible for his or her choices. As much as we might often see responsibility as a burden, it is one of the most important character traits in life. In most cases, there is no other person to blame for what your life is beside yourself. One example of being responsible is going to bed earlier so that I’m rested for school or work. Responsibility involves self-discipline. In order to get to school and work on time, I have to make sure that I go to bed on time. Being irresponsible is easier, less time consuming, and less challenging. Placing blame on others is always the easiest way out of any situation, and it never fixes a problem. When you allow others to be responsible for you, you give away the power to control your life and the freedom to be who you want to be.When I allow myself to stay up late and talk on the phone, I am not fully rested and often late to school. When I am working as a lifeguard in the summer, not being rested can cause me to not perform my duties to the best of my ability. I am less alert, which puts peoples lives in danger. Imagine how great the world would be if everyone would take on one more ounce of responsibility for themselves and for their community. As Eleanor Roosevelt said, â€Å"In the long run, we shape our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility.†

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types Technical Textiles Coursework In early years, the textile industry was primarily established as apparel and fashion industry. As human advanced, the industry expanded into scientific and technological sector. That defined a new role for textiles and it led the industry to adapt and further develop new applications. It is now known as new field of textile technical or industrial textile [1]. Definition of technical textile According Textile terms and definitions [2] Technical textiles are defined as textile materials products manufactured primarily for their technical performance and functional properties, rather than for their aesthetic and decorative it characteristics. History of technical textile Technical textile sector started growing with the production of synthetic yarn in the early 1900s. Before that, chemically treated natural fibres were used to achieve desired properties of the technical fabric. Manufacturers also developed special technologies such as various weaving and nonwoven techniques. It resulted into fast growth of high performance fibres/yarn. Production proceeded with notable characteristics such as 1) High resistance to temperature and chemicals and 2) Enhanced mechanical properties. Raw material for technical textiles The most desirable form of raw material is fibre, yarn or fabric.At present, most of the technical textiles are made of high-performance synthetic fibre that gives an advantage to technical textiles in many ways for e.g. cost, performance and durability. However, Raw materials have changed over the time according to the application[3]. Natural staple fibre Synthetic filament yarn Cotton yarn Jute yarn Flax yarn Coir yarn or rope Polyester Polypropylene Aramid, Glass and Carbon HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) UHMWPE (Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) PBI (poly benzimidazole) PBO (polyphenylene benzo isoxazole) Technology used for manufacturing of technical textile Out of diversified operations, prominent processes used for technical textiles are[4]: Knitting Weaving Braiding Nonwoven Tufting Other than this, new manufacturing techniques to produce technical textile are as listed below. Most of these processes are used in combination to producedifferent fabrics. Thermo-forming 3D (Three Dimensional) Weaving 3D Knitting Fabrics Produced Using Nanotechnology Heat-set Synthetics Finishing Treatments (Coating and lamination) Handmade elements such as Stitch/Appliquà © Classification of technical textile There are below mentioned 12 categories for technical textiles that exist [5], No. Category Symbol [] Target Industry Example products 1 Agrotech Agriculture, forestry, horticulture and landscape gardening. Various types of nets such as Bird protection, Anti-hail and Fishing nets. Also, mats or ground covers 2 Buildtech Membrane like and lightweight solid structures. Architectural membranes, Awnings or canopies, Floor covering, Hoardings and Scaffolding nets 3 Clothtech The Latest developments in shoe and clothing manufacturing. Elastic narrow fabrics, Hook loop tape fasteners, Labels, Sewing threads, Shoelaces and Umbrella fabrics 4 Geotech Road construction, civil engineering products. Geo variants of composites, grids, mats, membranes and nets. 5 Hometech Furniture, upholstery, floor coverings and carpets. Window blinds, Carpet backing cloths, Filter fabrics for vacuum cleaner and HVAC filters. 6 Indutech Mechanical engineering and for the chemical and electrical industries. Absorbent glass mat, battery separators, Coating abrasives, Composites, Computer printer ribbon, Conveyor Drive belts. 7 Medtech Medical and hygiene products. Artificial organs, heart valves and joints. Also, Baby diapers, Contact lenses and Sanitary napkins. 8 Mobiltech Ship and aircraft construction, other automobiles. Automobile interior carpets, airbags, Car upholstery seat cover body covers and helmets. 9 Oekotech Environmental protection, waste disposal and recycling. Filter systems (air/water), Landfill textiles, Soil seals, Textile drainage systems and Erosion prevention systems 10 Packtech Packaging, covering and transportation industry. Flexible intermediate bulk containers, Jute products, sacks, Leno bags, and Soft luggage. 11 Protech Personal and property protection. Bulletproof jackets, Fire flame retardant apparel fabrics, High altitude visibility clothing, 12 Sportech Different sport and leisure activities. Artificial turf, Parachute fabrics, Sail cloths, Sleeping bags and Swimwear Detailed information on three applications: 1 Protective textile (protech) Protective textiles are made from textile-based material to protect the user from various hazard and critical conditions, which could affect on person life. Mostly used in civil, military, hospitals and manufacturing industries[6]. Selection factors for designing: Clothing configuration of components and options Sizes Ease of pull on and take off Clothing construction Space for other selected ensemble equipment Comfort and restriction of mobility Selection type of protection according to the surrounding. Fibres used for making: Meta-Para aramids for high resistance to tear and tensile strength Wool viscose polyamide for repellency of molten metal, heat insulation and transparency. Glass fibre for High resistance and insulation. Modacrylic cotton for electric arc flash protection, comfort and flame-resistant. it can also be used as efficient skin friendly and antistatic fibre. Polyamide for extreme resistance and low ageing High-performance polyolefin fibre Types of Protective Textiles Ballistic Protection Garments Garments manufactured under this category are under high standards by the different government authorities (for e.g. NIJ and HOSDB -) on the basis of type and the level of a threat produced by a projectile. Fibres used for manufacturing these segment are normally very efficient to protect against penetration of sharp object. They are able to absorb a high amount of energy due to their high modules; elasticity; tenacity and low density. Most of the bullet resistant armor uses multiple layers of woven fabric. A higher number of layers define the degree of protection. Hard armor has ceramic or metal plate with polymer backings, which prevents a body from the force of projectile and brittle fragmentation of the plate. Soft body armor is mainly used for lower ballistic threat or cut resistance from knives, needles and Sharpe objects. Close weave with film lamination and abrasive coating are normally used to improve penetration resistance. Physical requirements of the fabric High durability and dimensional stability lightweight and low bulk Good handle and drape Low noise emission www.securityprousa.com http://www.smgroupindia.com/ http://c8.alamy.com DOYENTRONTEX ® Bulletproof (http://www.bjtyz.com) www.safeguardarmour.co.uk http://www.worldmilitary.org Blunt Impact Protection Textiles Such textiles protect the wearer against injuries produced by blunt impacts. For the people involved in corrections and military troops, the protection against blunt impact threats can be a matter of survival. Technical standard for such fabrics are established over the years by government agencies. A balance is required between protection and functionality to have good flexibility and mobility for user. Good air circulation underneath the PPE suit can protect users against heat stroke or hyperthermia. This includes protection from vehicle accidents, falls, and physical assaults with weapons like bats and metal bars. Pressure Hazard Protection Used for protection against extremely high and low external pressures such as; deep sea diving, space and fighter aircraft. Fully air impermeable suits and can withstand extreme conditions and they have a dedicated air supply support system. Generally, these suits are made using the textile materials such as Nylon tricot knitted fabric, Spandex, Urethane-coated Nylon, Dacron, Neoprene-coated Nylon, Mylar, Gortex, Kevlar, Nomex. Environmental Hazard Protection Generally used for survival and operation in temperatures below-30  °C. Such garments are multi-layered and consist of: Non-absorbent inner layer Middle insulating layer capable of trapping air but permeable to moisture An outer layer that is impermeable to wind and water Fire Hazard Protection Flame resistance in fabrics are produced using flame resistant materials and fibres such as, Nomex Polyamide Polypropylene Kevlar Carbon Glass Propane treated cotton Polyester Modacrylic Fire Fighters clothing contains a flame resistant inner layer with moisture and thermal barrier lining. Outer Casing provides flame , thermal and mechanical resistance. This layer must be suitable for all climatic conditions. The moisture barrier to keep the firefighter dry and must prevent water penetration. The thermal barrier provides the main protection against heat. Chemical and Biological Hazard Protection Such protective textiles safeguard the human body from direct contact with hazardous substances such as bacteria and chemicals. These textiles are used in the following instances: Emergency chemical and biological hazard response Handling of chemical waste Acid baths and other treatments in electronics manufacturing Equipment leaks or failures Handling of liquid chemicals in manufacturing Application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. A typical chemical and biological protective textile consist of 3 main components: A textile outer layer(woven or non-woven) An inner layer of protective material Textile liner fabric. There are 4 types of protective materials with their different capabilities: Air- permeable materials Semipermeable materials Selectively permeable materials (SPMS) (Protective barrier to chemicals, allow only moisture from body to flow out) Impermeable materials Electrical Hazard Protection Electrical hazards include: Electromagnetic protection Electrostatic protection Such protective garments shall consist of conductive fibres such as carbon fibre, synthetic fibres, metal fibres with carbon core and conductive polymer. Another method like coating or laminating can be use for manufacturing this kind of fabric. The fabric with high electrical conductivity materials or application of conductive finish to the fabric 2 Agriculture Textile (Agrotech) The word Agro textiles is used to classify the fabrics which are useful for agricultural and horticultural including livestock protection, shading, weed and insect control, and extension of the growing season. These products are mostly used for crop protection and yield enhancement. They help to control environmental factors like temperature, water and humidity and also prevents damage to agro products from wind, rain and birds. Technology used for agro textiles There are different forms of agro textiles available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in agro textiles. Fibres used in agro textiles are as follows: Polyolefin Nylon Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Jute Wool Amongst natural fibres jute and wool are used. After some time they degrade and act as a natural fertilizer. Agrotech application area Products Agriculture Sunlight, Wind and weed protection, water retention, Physical damage protection. Aquaculture Fish and anti-fouling nets, Ultraviolet radiation Protection. Horticulture Ultraviolet radiation, Wind, bird and insect protection. Forestry Soil and weed protection for tree plantations Animal Husbandry Belts of polyester and nylon material for animals identification Filtering of milk in an automatic milking system Underlay to reduce the mud on cattle paths and trails Properties of Agro textiles Below mentioned properties are required in selection of agro textile such as, Must have resistance to micro-organisms Agro textile are normally used in a moist environment prone to growth of microorganism hence it should be resistant to prevent destruction. Should withstand solar radiation They are placed over the cultivated areas instantly after sowing or planting. Hence, For such application, it has to withstand change in temperature. Withstands ultraviolet radiation To prevent degradation of molecular chains of man-made fibres caused by UV rays, they are treated with the suitable UV stabilizers. Biodegradability Natural fibres are used to achieve biodegradability. It gives the advantage of bio-degradation but has low service life when compared to the synthetics. High potential to retain water This is achieved by super-absorber fibre materials which allow holding high amounts of water for longer duration. Protection property Protection from the wind, temperature and humidity and to maintain desired condition of climate a micro-climate between ground and textile material has been created, which results in favourable condition for earlier harvests Dimensional stability This property prevents the fabric to loosen up while it is being used, as the loosening or change in dimensions of the material may lead to non-usability of the material Flexibility To allow the usage of agro textiles in variable areas and places 3 Packaging Textile( Packteck) Packtech includes several flexible packing materials made of textile used for packing various goods for industrial, agricultural, consumer and other goods. It ranges from polymer based bags used for industrial packing to jute based sacks used for packaging food grains and packaging used for tea[7]. Sacs Fertiliser, sand, cement, sugar, flour to dyestuffs Wrapping and protection applications Tea and coffee bags Nonwoven insert Knitted net packaging Silos, containers Canvas covers, marquee tents. The technology used for packtech: There are different forms of packaging available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in packtech. Fibres used in packteck are as follows: Nylon Polyester Polyethylene or high-density polyethylene(HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Jute cotton Polyolefin Woven Sacks Woven sacks are manufactured out of PP/HDPE materials. These are laminated or non-laminated, ultraviolet stabilised TiO2, CaCO2 or anti-slip coated. They have following advantages, Higher Strength, Light Weight, Minimal Leakage, Moisture Proof Durable Suitable for reuse Polyolefin (HDPE/PP) woven sacks are one of the packing materials used widely in the packing of cement, fertilisers, thermo plastic raw materials, food grains, sugar, Fertilisers, Chemicals, Food Grains, Cattle Feed, Salt. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) FIBCs are similar to the HDPE/PP bags but that of a larger size. FIBCs are cost effective and ideal type of packaging. It is used for storage and shipping of dry bulk products. It is produced from tubular or flat PP woven fabrics. such fabrics can be coated or uncoated and they vary in terms of weights depending upon the requirements of the Safe Working Load (SWL), or Safety Factor (SF). Leno Bags Leno bags are excellent for packing preserving material for and fruits. The Leno bags have widths between 20cm to 72cm. The mesh again is as per requirement with a maximum of 574 tapes in the warp in different colours. Leno bags on an average weigh 50g (or less). Leno bags have extra ordinary chemical and mechanical properties. Wrapping Fabric Wrapping fabric is made out of HDPE/PP, cotton canvas, etc. The fabric is available in roll form and can be installed on automatic machines. These fabrics are widely used in industries. Soft Luggage Soft luggage is made out of woven fabrics like nylon and polyester. It includes uprights, totes and duffle bags which available with or without wheels and handles. Due to cost effectiveness and lightweight, more and more people are shifting from hard luggage to soft goods. Jute Hessian Jute Hessian (Burlap) is quality jute and is widely used since years. it is suitable for variety range of goods. Hessian is used for bags. Currently, shopping bags are being made out of hessian fabrics. It is also used in the upholstery and home furniture. A plain woven fabric made of 100% Jute with single warp and weft interwoven; weight of fabric is less than 576 GSM. Hessian fabrics are lighter than sacking fabrics. Jute bagging material is mainly use due to openness of the weave which allows air to circulate while protecting the substances. Sacking bags, specifically it is use for storage agro-based products. Tea Bags Tea bags consist of a filter paper pouch with a thread, which holds the tea powder and a tag. The filter paper is made with a blend of wood and vegetable fibres. Heat-sealed tea bag paper usually has a heat-sealable thermoplastic materials such as PVC or polypropylene, inner side of tea bags are made from 100% nonwoven technical textile surface. The filter paper with 12-17 GSM non-woven material is use. The heat-sealing type tea bag paper is of 16.5 to 17 GSM approx. while the non-heat-sealed tea bag paper is around 12-13 GSM. Recent development and market of technical textile: According to techtextil, the technical textiles market is expected to hit 175 billion US-Dollars by 2020, almost doubling from 93 billion US-Dollars in 2000. Technical textiles account for 27% of worldwide fabric production[8]. Some example of modern textile fibre fabrics are: Breathable artificial fabrics Ultra-lightweight high-stretch synthetic fibres, Thin light reflective fabrics, Hollow fibres Blended fibres Ultra micro fibres. 3-D structured fabrics. Metallic textiles Extreme Sportswear This exquisite fabric. Phase change materials. Electronic textiles are normally known as the e-textiles or smart textiles. Here are some examples of this type of textile: Sports shoes Wearable computer jackets Warning vests Photonic textiles for innovative lighting solutions Wearable E-Health system Electronic Textiles to Help Battlefield Medics Global positioning system (GPS) jackets. Reference : Technical Textile Overview History, Classification, Technology, Market, End Uses. Technicaltextile.net. N.p., 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. The Textile Institute, textile terms and definition, tenth edition, Textile institute, Manchester, 1994. Yarns Used In Technical Textiles. http://www.indiantextilejournal.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. Horrocks, A. Richard. Handbook Of Technical Textiles. 1st ed. Abington: The Textile Institute, 2008. Print. Frankfurt, Messe. Application Areas. Techtextil. messefrankfurt.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. Scott, Richard A. Textiles For Protection. 1st ed. Cambridge: Woodhead Pub., 2005. Print. Knowledge Documents, Technicaltextiles.Gov.In. Technicaltextile.gov.in. N.p., 2017. Web. 18 Mar. 2017. 2016 Top Markets Report-Technical Textile. http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Textiles_Top_Markets_Report.pdf. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017.

Cultures Influence on Technology Essay -- Environment Environmental P

Culture's Influence on Technology Culture and technology are in a constantly expanding positive feedback loop. The greatest changes in human culture are almost always the result of a technological innovation. However, a technology capable of a cultural shift can only have come from the culture itself. Without the culture's choice to refine the technology, the practical applications would have been left as only fleeting ideas; technology will only be developed if the culture has some immediate and apparent use for it. Although a culture will develop a technology based on its inherent valence towards a particular application, that culture cannot possibly fathom the ultimate repercussions of its collective decision. The inherent multiplier effect in the feedback loop along with unforeseen applications of the technology will guide the "trajectories of cultural evolution" (Ehrlich 255) in completely unexpected ways. Even though cultures can and do have an effect on their course through history, it is only slight when comp ared to the monstrous effect that their technologies have on them. The nature and importance of this type of self-propagating relationship are described in Paul Ehrlich's book "Human Nature: Genes, Culture, and the Human Prospect." Ehrlich describes his own opinion on human development and feedback loops in the following passage: "It is important to know what shapes the course of history, how that influences the evolution of our natures, and how that in turn feeds back on evolutionary history itself." (Ehrlich 254) The statement briefly describes the general form of the positive feedback loop for human development throughout history. The influences he refers to could be anything from the environment to culture... ...e the resources and could not carry a kiln. They did, however, have an immediate and apparent use for the chariot, which could increase their speed and power by an innumerable factor. Although culture is able to guide the technological innovations that are borne from it, humanity does not seem to have much of a say in its course through history. Each step through time is a result of an infinite amount of steps before it all pushing history towards an unknown end. Even the individual who invents an integral technology is only a very small ripple in a tide of inexorable humanity. Works Cited: Chant, Colin. "Chapter 2:Greece" in "Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology." Routledge Press, 1999. pp. 48-80. Ehrlich,Paul R. "Ch. 11: Gods, Dive-Bombers, and Bureaucracy" in "Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect." Island Press, 2000. pp. 253-279.

Police Psychology Essay

A number of methods of learning are available. Studies have shown that most people learn best if the information is presented in more than one format. Because the police officers involved in the crisis prevention will eventually be involved in real-life hostage situations, it is very important that they learn the information effectively. The training will involve a forty hour training, which will take place over a work week. The training would involve all staff that would in some way be involved with a hostage crisis. This would include the police who would respond first to the scene, specialists who would be called in, and dispatchers who take the calls for help. The first day of training would be in oral format. The information would include an introduction of the type of crisis and the basics on the type of people who would be involved (nervous, stressed, frightened, volatile people, who need to be handled very carefully), types of situations, potential places and victims. To get involvement experienced police officers would be encouraged to provide insights on real- life situations and the group could problem solve how to respond. The second day would be watching video trainings of actual situations, then having question and answers over how they were handled and the outcomes. The third day the group would be divided into small groups. Each group would be given a situation (domestic disturbance with the father holding the family hostage or five armed gunmen in an elementary school). Each group would decide the best way to handle the situation, and then the entire group would discuss all of the scenarios and discuss how individual situations would be handled differently. They would discuss whether the father would be more likely to become violent or the gunmen in the school, or a disgruntled employee in his former employer’s office. They would then discuss such issues as motive and background to determine which personalities would be more likely to escalate and which could be talked down. The fourth day would involve the legal issues on how to deal with hostage situations and what promises or threats could be made. The issue of homeland security would come about for public buildings and the United States policy on negotiating with terrorists would be an issue for discussion. The fifth day would be putting the information to the test in a simulated hostage situation. Each member of the group would be required to cover his or her job as if it was a real hostage situation. At the end of it debriefing would occur to discuss what went well and what needed improvement. In a case potentially involving members of the police department it would be very important to keep the information about the case among the main investigators of the case. The role of the psychologist in this case would be to retrace the events of the mayor’s last moments. This would involve learning more about the meeting that had taken place between him and the other prominent official. Since this was the last time he had been seen alive it would be important to find out if something about the meeting led to his death. Part of the psychologist’s job would be to find out if any of the police officials might be involved. In addition to this the psychologist would need to support the other investigators when they have to investigate their co-workers and their superiors. Investigating people close to them could be very difficult for the investigators, especially if they should happen to find that some of their colleagues were involved. In the case that there was police involvement in the murder and the investigators became forced to testify against people they have worked with or for it could create new need for the psychologists. In this situation the psychologist would need to provide support for the investigating officers through the investigation and the trial, against the fear of retaliation. Part of this would involve observing the behavior of other officers towards the investigating officers and being aware of changed behavior towards them. The tools needed for the psychologist’s role would include such things as observation skills, client records and profiles. It would require interviewing and record keeping as well as assisting the investigating officers in finding the motive for the murder. In any field effective management is very important and the relationship between management and subordinates is very important. In the police field it is exceptionally important, because not only does the effectiveness of the business depend on a positive relationship, but the very lives of the police officers could be involved. If the management of the police force is not well organized people can be sent on assignments without needed information or equipment, and be injured or killed on the assignment. Strong management needs to be organized and well informed. Management needs to be aware of the details of cases and situations before officers are placed in harms way. Although in police work there is no way to completely avoid danger, the severity and threat can be minimized by appropriate and thought out preparation and training. For a manager to be effective in placing employees in the proper positions and assignments, it is important for the manager to know the employee’s strengths and weaknesses. The psychologist can be helpful in this area by getting to know both the management team and the officers. By studying the personality styles of everyone involved, the psychologist can help match managers with the subordinates who would work best with them in order to make the team more effective. In addition to matching people, the psychologist would be effective in helping management know what assignments and positions would be best for which officers. In time of crisis or after a stressful assignment, the psychologist would be very important in debriefing the staff and minimizing conflicts among staff members.

Irony portrays duality Essay Example

Irony portrays duality Essay Example Irony portrays duality Essay Irony portrays duality Essay By using irony Hitchcock is portraying the theme of duality because, irony has two meanings, which is similar to the theme of duality. In the parlour scene Norman says to Marion that it is a dirty night. This is ironic because Norman means that it is dirty because of the weather but Hitchcock knows that it is a dirty night because somebody, Marion, gets killed, this is dirty because her blood is spilled. Irony portrays duality because when Norman says dirty night he is viewed by the audience as a normal person as he is in his natural human form; however what Hitchcock is implying by dirty night, is what actually happens, when Norman is in his psychotic and murderer state. Therefore Hitchcock has used irony to portray the theme of duality. An example of how Hitchcock has used irony to portray duality can be backed up by what Norman says when talking about his mother. Norman wishes that he could apologise for other people, meaning his mother. This is ironic because Norman is his mother, it is he who is keeping her spirit alive by pretending to be her although she is dead, and therefore duality is shown by this phrase because it is ironic. Duality is also portrayed through the use of metaphors; Norman says to Marion you eat like a bird. This particular phrase shows duality because a bird is a predator to smaller animals and a prey to larger birds and animals. This is parallel to Marion because she is the predator when she steals the money and becomes the prey of Norman when he kills her. Here Hitchcock has used metaphors to portray duality by comparing Marion to a bird which has two sides to it comparable to Marion. Not only are the bird used to describe Marion but they seem to always be somewhere throughout the film. In the very opening scene the camera shot is a panning and reminds us of a bird, flying down towards the window of the motel. There are also birds in the parlour scene, which Norman has stuffed; they are in positions of flight and attack. The birds are a symbol of duality because they are in the film in a physical form, however as they are dead they are not actually involved. They see everything from a perspective different to that of the characters but the same as the audience; however they are in the film and not in the audience. They also portray duality by being in these positions of flight and attack because when an animal flies it is alive but since the birds are stuffed it is not really flying just being portrayed as alive. This shows two sides to the bird so therefore Hitchcock has used animal imagery to portray duality. Since these are just minor ways which portray duality, as an audience we can assume that the characters have a deeper meaning than what is shown. For example Norman is shown to be the owner of motel with an elderly mother, but the deeper meaning is that he is the killer of his guests to the hotel, and he is his mother. Psycho is probably most famous for its exceptional shower scene. It is here where a lot of the duality falls into place. The audience never actually sees the killers face. We only see a shadow. Through analysis we can assume that since we have seen shadows before, but with their owner, and now we see them alone, we are only seeing one part of the story. The human form has been lost. Since, we realise that Norman has killed Marion; we must assume that he is not in the state we have seen him in before, and therefore he must be in the state of the killer, mother and a woman. Hitchcock has used the mother to carry out the killing to show that there is a strong theme of duality in Normans head. Norman can not bring himself to commit the crime, so has used his dual side to so for him. The shadow Hitchcock has used to portray Norman is very dark, and shows up clearly against the white tiles, however the shadows of Marion is a lot lighter, it is almost a grey colour. The colour portrays that Marions dual side is not a strong as Normans as he has been living his dual lifestyle for so long that it has become a part of his life which is why his shadow is so dark. A reason as to why Marions shadow is so light could be because she is dying as well as her other side. Overall I think that Hitchcock has portrayed the theme of duality through the use of costume and colour symbolism of costume: white representing goodness and innocence and black representing evil and deceitfulness. Shadows and lighting are also used to portray duality, by giving Norman poor lighting and a large shadow Hitchcock has given him a larger secret to hide and a bigger dual side. In the car journey Hitchcock has used weather to portray duality, when Marion leaves her home it is sunny and when she arrives at the Bates Motel the weather is dirty and rainy. By giving Marion a new identity when she arrives at the Motel duality is shown and accepted by the character. However, it is probably in the parlour scene where most of the symbols Hitchcock has used to portray duality are shown. The use of furniture, irony, animal imagery and metaphors are used to portray the dual side in both Marion and Norman. By using so many conventions to represent the single yet complex film of duality Alfred Hitchcock has managed to create a film which will grip audiences for many years to come.